Profile of Death Row Inmate Patricia Blackmon

Patricia Blackmon is on death row in Alabama for capital murder in the death of her 28-month-old adopted daughter, Dominiqua.  Blackmon had adopted  Dominiqua nine months before she was murdered. The Crime On May 29, 1999, Patricia Blackmon, age 29, called 9-1-1 in Dothan, Alabama because her daughter Dominiqua was not breathing. When paramedics arrived at Blackmons mobile home, they found Dominiqua lying on the floor of the master bedroom -- she was wearing only a diaper and blood-soaked socks, was covered in vomit, and she was not breathing. There was a large bump on her forehead and blood on her chest. After the paramedics attempted to revive her, she was transported to Flowers Hospital Emergency Room where she died shortly after arriving. Two doctors, one of them being  Dominiquas pediatrician, Dr. Robert Head, examined the child and found that she had multiple bruises and contusions and an imprint of the sole of a shoe on her chest. They also observed several older scars on Dominiqua, that were from previous injuries and in various stages of healing. The Autopsy Included in the 30 separate injuries found on her body, the medical examiner Dr. Alfredo Parades found bruises on the front part of her lower chest and upper abdomen and around the right groin. She had also suffered a fractured leg. He also found that Dominiqua had two broken bones and many other injuries that were in various stages of healing. Parades concluded that her death was due to  multiple blunt-force injuries to her head, chest, abdomen, and extremities.  Another discovery found on Dominiqua was an imprint of the sole of a shoe on her chest that was so clearly defined that it was captured in a photograph taken by the doctor. The Trial Dr. James Downs, chief medical examiner for the State of Alabama, testified that he compared the images taken of the shoe print to sandals Blackmon was wearing on the day of the murder. It was his opinion that the sole of the sandals matched the imprint embedded in Dominiquas chest. Downs also said that he believed  Dominiqua was struck with a pool cue resulting in her most recent injuries. Wayne Johnson, Blackmons father-in-law testimony showed that Blackmon was the only person caring for Dominiqua on the evening of the murder, up until the time the paramedics arrived at Blackmons home at around 9:30 p.m. Johnson testified that on the night Dominiqua was killed, he saw Dominiqua  earlier in the evening and she seemed fine, playing and acting normally. He said Blackmon and Dominiqua left his house at around 8 p.m. A search of Blackmons mobile home uncovered several blood-splattered items. Forensic tests found the blood on a broken pool cue, a childs T-shirt, a pink flat bed sheet, a quilt, and two napkins. The blood found on all of the items matched Dominiquas blood. Blackmons Defense In her defense, Blackmon said that the child was injured when she fell off of the bed. Blackmon called several character witnesses to testify in her defense. Judy Whatley, an employee of the Department of Human Resources, said that in her opinion, Blackmon and Dominiqua had a good relationship. Whatley had contact with Dominiqua and Blackmon once a month for five months before August 1998. Tammy Freeman, Blackmons neighbor, testified that she frequently left her children under Blackmons care. Convicted The jury convicted Blackmon of capital murder. A separate sentencing hearing was held, at which the State relied on the aggravating circumstance that the murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel to support a death sentence. After the sentencing hearing the jury, by a vote of 10 to two, recommended the death penalty. Appeals In August 2005, Blackmon appealed to the court, arguing that the State failed to prove that the murder was especially, heinous, atrocious, or cruel as compared to other capital murders.  She argued that the State failed to prove that Dominiqua was conscious during any of the  attacks and that she suffered. Blackmon believed that Dominiqua was knocked unconscious before Blackmon beat her, and as a  result, the child did not feel the pain of being beaten. Her appeal was turned down. Patricia Blackmon now sits on death row at Tutwiler Prison for Women in Wetumpka, Alabama.

Essay on Professional Communication Cultural Sensitivity

Professional Communication Cultural Sensitivity Paper Linda Ginder Grand Canyon University - NUR 502 July 10, 2013 Professional Communication Cultural Sensitivity Paper No culture is growing at a faster pace than the Hispanic population, surpassing African Americans as the largest minority population in the United States. The Hispanic population increased from 35.3 million to 50.5 million in 2010. The intention of this paper is to increase the awareness and understanding of cultural competency and cultural sensitivity toward the Hispanic culture. Cultural competency cannot be overemphasized as it plays an imperative role in the quality of care that is given to different cultures. A culturally insensitive encounter can lead to†¦show more content†¦If translators are used, they should be of the same sex if possible. To communicate trust and respect, sit close to the patient, use indirect eye contact, and formally address them. Key cultural differences that Hispanics have from non-Hispanic people include how they perceive time. The Western culture is very time specific and always in a hurry. The Hispanic culture does not perceive time as a driving force. They live in the present and for them to be 30 minutes or an hour late is actually not considered late. Therefore, if speaking of time schedules for giving medications, nurses need to be specific and address time by a specific number – â€Å"by five o’clock† so they understand that it is important to give this medication by a specific time. Another key difference is related to how they perceive family dynamics. The family unit, including the extended family, is considered the most important social unit and support system. Excluding them in the decision process, will only increase the distrust of the patient with the health provider. A very specific social order and respectfulness goes along with age, gender, and social class. 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Culturally competent careRead MoreProfessional Communication Cultural Sensitivity Essay1554 Words   |  7 PagesProfessional Communication Cultural Sensitivity Guide Cultural competence can be defined as using the ability of one’s awareness, attitude, knowledge and skill to effectively interact with a patient’s many cultural differences. 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The second factor is space, the views of space variesRead MoreCultural Sensitivity And Culture And Other Practices1347 Words   |  6 Pages Cultural Sensitivity Khader Salami Cultural sensitivity refers to the awareness as well as the sensitivity to culture and other practices. Cultural sensitivity can encompass examining different cultures and how they should be accurately approached in the health care. It also includes how to communicate according to within the health care setting. Cultural sensitivity is important area because it can

No Face free essay sample

Have you ever looked in the mirror and seen nothing? No face, no fire, when you looked in the mirror the only thing to be seen was the complete absence of an identity. My early circumstances set back identity formation. While most little girls were finding out what they liked, I was working to simply keep myself safe. I had to grow up fast because there was no alternative. I experienced more fear, pain, and dispair at the hands of my father than the rest of my life combined. FatherI don’t think that was his title. A father keeps you safe. A father will scale mountains to make their little girl happy. He was not my father, he was my warden. He created an environment akin to most prisons, if not worse. Youth is supposed to be free, uninhibited, and without the chains of maturity and responsibility. At eight you should be fashioning a ship capable of interstellar travel from cardboard or breaking your arm because you didn’t have the foresight to know jumping out of a large tree would end badly. We will write a custom essay sample on No Face or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I’m not saying I never experienced moments of innocence but they were always shrouded with underlying fear and mitigated by the need to avoid â€Å"discipline.† Discipline and lessons at the hand of my father were brutal and scarring in all aspects: physical, mental, and emotional. Memories of them still causes shivers of fear down my spine. When I lived with my dad, living was accomplished only in the physical sense. I simply was marking time until death or freedom-whichever came first. Looking in the mirror I didn’t see an individual. It was at that cataclysmic realization that I finally embraced my humanity, my rights, and my needs. Things I had never considered relevant prior to that moment. Thus my battle for freedom began. It was a long arduous process but eventually my imprisonment ended as his incarceration began. I have chosen to consume life with fervor. I have found passion and purpose in my life. I found talent and dreams in performing arts; dancing, music, and theater pulled me out of my head and cut the chains from a mundane lifestyle and taught me I can feel and aim for stars. Debate has given me confidence with voicing my own beliefs, moral and political, even if they counter the conservative culture I have been raised in. The refugees may have had the most substantial impact by introducing my desire to aid in whatever way I can. There were other evils to conquer now. Years later and I can’t claim to be â€Å"over it.† Scars are still there and some wounds are opened by other events and people in my life. However, I will never be without an identity again. The person I have developed into is strong, ambitious, independent, kind, and above all else unencumbered by anyone but myself. Who am I? Is a question I continually ask myself. Sometimes the answer changes but now I have one.

Immigration Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Immigration Persuasive Essay For many immigration to the United States would be a new beginning during 19th to early 20th century. There were many acts and laws to limit the number immigrating to the United States. Many of these acts were due to prejudice and misunderstanding of a culture. One such act was the Chinese Exclusion Act. Form this one act many immigration laws and acts were made against foreigners. They hoped to control the number of immigrants arriving on the American shores. The Chinese Exclusion Act of May 6, 1882 was just the beginning. This act was the turning point of the U.S. immigration policies, although it only directly affected a small group of people. Prior to the Chinese Exclusion Act there was no significant number of free immigrants that had been barred from the country. Once the Chinese Exclusion Act had been in acted, further limitations on the immigration of ethnic groups became standard procedure for more than eight decades. Irish catholic, Mexican, and other races were not allowed the same freedoms that others were allowed. Even after a family had been here for generations there were not given the same freedoms. Since the arrival of the first Chinese Immigrants, racist hostility towards the Chinese always existed. They were predominantly male laborers, concentrated in California. They were vital to the development of western mining, transportation, and agriculture. Other races were also discriminated against, the Irish were not allowed to get jobs or live in certain areas of the cities. By 1880, the great fear of German-speaking and Irish-Catholic immigrants was over. Employers, who still sought worker-immigrants, and not just temporary workers, looked increasingly to southern and eastern Europe. When Italians, Greeks, Turks, Russians, Slavs, and Jews arrived in the United States in numbers, however, new anxieties arose about making Americans of so many different kinds of strangers. An 1880 this act gave the United States the one sided right to mandate to limit or even stop the immigration of Chinese laborers. In effect canceling the right of the Chinese to enter the country. Congress quickly complied and made a ten-year bill that the President signed on May 6, 1882. While exempting teachers, students, merchants, and tourists the Act suspended immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years. The law was renewed for a second ten-year period in 1892 and then made quot;permanentquot; in 1902. Chinese Exclusion Act had set a pattern for many other immigration laws and acts to come. The Immigration Act of March 3, 1891 was the first comprehensive law for national control of immigration. It established the Bureau of Immigration under the Treasury Department to administer all immigration laws (except the Chinese Exclusion Act). This Immigration Act also added to the inadmissible classes. The people in these classes were inadmissible to enter into the United States. The people in these classes were, those suffering from a contagious disease, and persons convicted of certain crimes. The Immigration Act of March 3, 1903 and The Immigration Act of February 20, 1907 added further categories to the inadmissible list. Immigrants were screened for their political beliefs. Immigrants who were believed to be anarchists or those who advocated the overthrow of government by force or the assassination of a public officer was deported. This act was made mainly do to the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901. On February 5, 1917 another immigration act was made. This Act categorized all previous exclusion provisions and added the exclusion of illiterate aliens form entering into the United States. This Act made Mexicans inadmissible. It insisted that all aliens pay a head tax of $8 dollars. However, because of the high demand for labor in the southwest, months later congress let Mexican workers to stay in the U.S. under supervision of state government for six-month periods. .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5 , .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5 .postImageUrl , .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5 , .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5:hover , .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5:visited , .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5:active { border:0!important; } .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5:active , .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5 .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubbca9cbce4b3fa40debed9346a7415c5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Solar Energy Essay The Gold Rush in California brought a large influx of Chinese laborers and was ended abruptly by the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. In between this time Thousands of Chinese immigrated or traveled freely from China and San Francisco. They were mostly young male peasants that left their villages to become contract laborers in the American West. They were recruited to extract minerals and metals, construct a vast railroad network, reclaim swamplands, build irrigation systems, work as migrant agricultural laborers, develop the fishing industry, and operate highly competitive, labor-intensive manufacturing industries in the Western States. These Chinese Americans did not mix with other Americans they began their own cities such as Chinatown in San Francisco were Chinese worked, shopped and owned business. After 1882, only diplomats, merchants, and students and their dependents were allowed to travel between the U.S. and China. Before the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, the patterns of Chinese settlement followed the patterns of economic development of the western states. Since mining and railway construction dominated the western economy, Chinese immigrants settled mostly in California and states west of the Rocky Mountains. As these industries declined and ant-Chinese feelings intensified, the Chinese retreated and sometimes were forced by society into small import-export businesses, labor-intensive manufacturing and service industries in such rising cities as San Francisco, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Los Angeles, Seattle and sometimes in the Deep South. Although many sought the American Dream due to racial prejudice and bias many did not get to become part of society. They were forced to live in poverty working for low wages and never making it ahead. Many were forced in to low paying jobs in unsafe conditions. Many did not survive to see their children grown.

IBM Promotes Social Responsibility Goals

Abstract IBM has a responsibility of taking care of the society; it has a corporate social responsibility (CSR) of ensuring it tries its best to improve education standards of the people who live in the areas it conducts business.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on IBM Promotes Social Responsibility Goals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are various instances that encourage the company to uphold its social responsibility but other circumstances are meant to stop or discourage IBM from undertaking CSR. IBM is said to be one of the best sources of cash, equipments and manpower that enable nonprofit making organizations to make contributions to help the society. It provides computer and software used in spreading information to less fortunate individuals in the society. In addition, it also significantly contributes to education; the management of IBM is highly concerned about helping people use technology in ord er to improve their lives and the community (Brookfield, 2004, p. 204). Do you think that IBM has the responsibility to support adult education in the communities that it does business? Explain It is possible that IBM is in a capacity to promote adult education in the areas that it does business. This gives it the responsibility to take care of the society, it is important that it takes consideration of what the society wants. IBM believes technology innovations can revolutionize business and provide important breakthroughs in the management of various projects. The company is also committed to ensuring that other organizations involved with the administration of non-governmental organizations that address specific problems in the society are vetted (Albareda et al., 2006, p. 386).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company’s responsibility is notable in many places of the society since it has a number of projects that target the betterment of the lives of challenged persons in the society. IBM is currently working with KidSmart; a program running in at least 50 countries in the whole world. The project is meant to increase the efficiency of kids and hence the society. IBM has supplied close to fifty computers to all the teachers in their centers in the whole world. Such a commitment indicates that it can also handle adult education in the same manner (Dilon Cintron, 2002, p. 94). The most effective strategy towards achieving this goal would have been increasing the capital base of the intellectual adults in the society. IBM can integrate technology into such a program, since it can create software that can be easy to use in teaching the elderly in the society and it is capable ensuring they get the required knowledge of computers and technology (Dilon Cintron, 2002, p. 94). The program is much appreciated by the Egyptians since it does not o nly teach children how to operate the computer, but also encourages them to learn new life skills, which are important in life management. In addition, IBM can be able to handle the project since it has fully devoted workers who make sure they give their best at work (Dilon Cintron, 2002, p. 94). This was also confirmed by the company’s chairman who affirmed that the IBM is determined to maintain a sustainable environment to help those within the environment where it does its business (Albareda et al., 2006, p. 386).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on IBM Promotes Social Responsibility Goals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Assuming that IBM has such responsibility, in what instance would it be relatively easy for the company to be committed to living up to it? It would be easy for the company to continue with the project if the community turns out to be receptive. In case the community, which its staff per sonnel are working with, is not receptive, IBM would not consider continuing working with them (Russell, 2000, p. 13). It would not be possible to determine the problem they are suffering from if they do not open up to the company’s projects. It would also be hard for the company to offer employment opportunities if they deny the fact that they need help from the corporate world. The company would also feel encouraged to improve the lives of community (Russell, 2000, p. 13). The other things that would influence whether or not to carry out the project, is the availability of funds that are needed to keep it running. Lack of funds could make IBM lack the materials needed to keep the project running. In addition, most of the workers working under the project would expect to be paid at the end of the project. However, lack of enough funds would only make IBM prepare its management to squeeze the budget so that it can accommodate all the activities that should be carried out to e mpower the society (Russell, 2000, p. 13). The company should take up the responsibility to help the society; however, IBM should be careful not to compromise the profit margin of the shareholders and the employees’ wages (Brookfield, 2004, p. 204). The company should engage its social responsibility in a way that remains comprehensive and competent in its daily management. IBM should get involved in activities that are meant to improve the image of the company. Despite the fact that it reduces the profit of the company in the initial stages, it boosts the sales and profits of the company (Brookfield, 200, p. 204). After assessing the positive and negative effects of starting the project, the company can then decide whether to commence it or hold it back. If there are positive responses concerning the project; then the management of the company should not be hesitant in making up systems and strategies of running the project.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Assuming that IBM has such a responsibility, in what instances would it be relatively difficult for the company to be committed to living up to it? One of the things that could make the company resistant to committing itself to the society is if the society is not interested in the projects it intends to carry out. If the company is experiencing a loss, it would be reluctant to engage in certain projects for the society (Brookfield, 2004, p. 204). It is hard to compromise the profit margin of the company since shareholders are not interested in the company’s social responsibility. The other thing that may restrict the company from commencing its responsibility to the society is if there are no proper organizations and strategies; the project is bound to fail terribly if started without a concrete plan. There is a need to have a specific plan that shows the society’s responsibility chart. Before the project commences, it is important that the management and the society representatives have a mutual agreement; in order to agree on the things that should be included in the project (Brookfield, 2004, p. 204). References Albareda, L., Tencati, A., Lozano, J. M., Perrini, F. (2006). The government’s role in promoting corporate responsibility: A comparative analysis of Italy and UK from the relational state perspective. Corporate Governance, 6(4), 386-400. Brookfield, S. (2004). Tales from the dark side: a phenomenography of adult critical reflection. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 13(3), 203-216. Dilon, C. L., Cintron, R. (2002). Distance education and the community college: From convention to vision. New Directions for Community Colleges, 1997(99), 93-102. Russell, M. (2000). Online learning communities: Implications for adult learning. Adult Learning, 10(1), 12-20. This essay on IBM Promotes Social Responsibility Goals was written and submitted by user Uriah R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Penubuhan Malaysia 1963 Essay Example

Penubuhan Malaysia 1963 Essay Example Penubuhan Malaysia 1963 Essay Penubuhan Malaysia 1963 Essay 16 September 1963 The establishment of Malaysia The Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra in his speech at the Conference of Foreign Journalists Association of Southeast Asia held at the Adelphi Hotel, Singapore on 27 May 1961, had an insight about the need to establish a plan to bring the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo, Brunei and Sarawak into a form of political and economic cooperation. Among other things, this cooperation should be conducted with the aims of limiting the influence of ommunist influence that could Jeopardise the political stability within the region. The Governments stand is based on the political developments in Singapore that shows an increasing influence of the Leftist. In addition to that, the idea is to offset the total population, increasing the economic development and to accelerate the process of the independence for Singapore, Brunei, North Borneo and Sarawak. The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Branch of Malaya and Borneo Meeting n Singapore on 23 July 1961 had agreed to establish the Malaysia Solidarity Consultative Committee, chaired by Donald Stephen. The purpose of setting up this committee is to explain more clearly about the concept of Malaysia to the public, especially to the people of Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei. In this committee, the representatives of Malaya consisted of members of Parliament. Singapore Representatives comprises of the Legislative Council members and one from the opposition party. Members of the delegation from Sarawak were members of the State Council, the same with Sabah. The Committee convened four times to discuss matters relating to the establishment of Malaysia. The first meeting was held in Sabah in August 1961, followed by Kuching, Sarawak in December 1961 and then in Kuala Lumpur in January 1962. The last meeting was held in Singapore in February 1962. In the last meeting, the Committee agreed to submit a memorandum to the Cobbold Commission to conduct surveys on the views of the people in Sarawak and Sabah on the notion of Malaysia

Greenhouse gas effect and ways to stop them Term Paper

Greenhouse gas effect and ways to stop them - Term Paper Example This paper also seeks to suggest plausible ways on how to reduce GHG emission in order to diminish the impacts of global warming. Data from various sources revealed that the primordial effect of increased GHG is global warming, which is also implicated in changes in the pattern of precipitation and rainfall, sea water level, melting of glaciers, and animal and plant species composition and distribution. Several strategies to reduce GHG emissions are reforestation, proper waste disposal management, and the use of renewable energy such as water, solar energy and thermal energy to generate electricity instead of using fossil fuels. Introduction Greenhouse gases (GHGs), consisting primarily of water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are those gases that can absorb infrared radiation from the atmosphere. These gases are capable of trapping heat, resulting to warming of the earth’s surface (Snyder et al., 2009; Rea y and Hogan,2010). Greenhouse gas emission and the human activities associated with increasing GHG concentration in the atmosphere, is perhaps one of the most controversial issues worldwide yet to be resolved. In fact, it has been reported that since the industrial period, the concentration of these GHGs in the atmosphere has been constantly escalating (Krupa and Kickert, 1989; IPCC, 2011). A time-lapse carbon dioxide monitoring conducted by Muller et al. (2007) revealed that the present CO2 concentration in the troposphere is, by far, the highest level ever recorded during the last 670,000 years, making CO2 the most anthropogenically-driven GHG. Meanwhile, the total amount of atmospheric methane was revealed to have increased by as much as 15% at the end of the 18th century and almost tripled over the last 150 years. Although methane concentration is much less compared to that of CO2, Ramaswamy et al. (2001) reported that CH4 is actually 23 times more potent as a greenhouse gas in comparison to CO2. Ramaswamy and colleagues (2001) also provided evidence that nitrous oxide is even more effective per molecule as a GHG than CH4 and 296 times more potent than CO2. The presence of GHGs in the atmosphere accounts for the phenomenon known as greenhouse effect, so called because the mechanism by which it works is reminiscent to that of a greenhouse. Shown in Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating the processes governing the greenhouse effect. As sunlight strikes the planet, radiant energy from the sun with short wavelengths is absorbed by the earth’s surface without being caught trapped in the atmosphere (Krupa and Kickert, 1989). As this energy is absorbed, it warms the earth’s surfaces and is then re-radiated back into the atmosphere at longer wavelengths. Once again, this long-wavelength energy is captured by GHGs in the atmosphere and is reflected in different directions. Energy directed upwards is released into space while energy directed downwards, wh ich accounts for 90% of the long-wavelength emission, goes back to the earth (Pidwirny, 2006). It must be noted, however, that the greenhouse effect is a naturally-occurring phenomenon. In fact, it makes the earth habitable (Krupa and Kickert, 1989).On the other hand, if GHGs in the atmosphere increase beyond the normal range of GHG levels, the greenhouse effect is enhanced, posing a great threat to all of earth’